MENGUAK NEOKOLONIALISASI CHINA MELALUI DIPLOMASI EKONOMI TERHADAP ANGOLA

Authors

  • Indra Kusumawardhana Universitas Pertamina

Abstract

Penulis: Ghina Salsabila ; Indra Kusumawardhana

ISBN: xxx-xxx-xxxx-xx-x

Editor: Iman Amanda 

Copy Editor: Albas Hermawan

Tebal Buku: iv+61 Hlm; 14,8 Cm X 21 Cm. Cetakan I, …………… 2023

Link Shoppe: thejournalish store

Di era globalisasi ekonomi, neokolonialisme menjadi salah satu diskursus penting terkait aktivitas negara besar di dalam ekonomi global. Jika di analisis lebih dalam, dibalik globalisasi ini, ada upaya neokolonialisasi yang ingin tetap dipertahankan terutama di bidang ekonomi. Sebagai contoh ketergantungan negara-negara inferior terhadap dari negara-negara superior baik dari segi politik, pembangunan, investasi, teknologi, hingga ekonomi. Akar dari sistem ini dapat ditarik dari sejarah kolonialisasi yang dilakukan dahulu oleh negara Barat terhadap negara-negara terbelakang. Struktur mental negara bekas jajahan ini yang dapat dikatakan menjadi tonggak ketergantungan perekonomian terhadap negara yang jauh lebih superior.

References

• Buku

Baranay, Pavol. (2009). Modern Economic Diplomacy. Latvia: Publications of Diplomatic Economic Club.

Brautigam, D. (2009). The Dragon‟s Gift: The Real Story if China in Africa. Oxford University Press.

Creswell, John W. (2014). Penelitian Kualitatif & Desain Riset. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Eberling, George G. (2017). China and Angola dalam China’s Bilateral Relations with its Principal Oil Suppliers. London: Lexington Books.

Fakih, M. (2002). Runtuhnya Teori Pembangunan dan Globalisasi. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Friedman, Thomas. (2002). “Memahami globalisasi.” Bandung: ITB.

Layton, T. & Nielson, D. (2009). Aiding Inequality: The Effect of Foreign Aid on Income Inequality. Brigham Young University.

Mudimbe V.Y. (1988). The Invention of Africa: Genosis, Philosophy and the Order of Knowledge. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Nkrumah, Kwame. (1965). Neo-Colonialism: The Highest Stage of Imperialism. London: Heinemann.

Nye, Joseph. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.

Odell, J. S. (2000). Negotiating the World Economy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press

Parenti, Michael. (2011). The Face of Imperialism. New York: Paradigm Publishers.

Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrative Theory and Practice. SAGE Publications.

Serequeberhan, Tsenay. (1998). Philosophy and Post-Colonial Afria in African Philosophy: An Anthology. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

Taylor, Ian. (2007). China and Africa: Engagement and Compromise. London: Routledge Publishers

Todaro, Michael P, & Stephen C. Smith. (2006). Pembangunan Ekonomi (edisi kesembilan, jilid I). Jakarta : Erlangga.

Victor, David, et al. (2012). Oil and Governance: State‐Owned Enterprises and the World Energy Supply. New York: Cambridge University Press

Yin, R. (2013). Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Edition 5. SAGE Publications.

• Jurnal

Åberg, John. (2010). “Chinese Financial Assistance in Angola: Promise, Curse or an Uncertain Venture?” Lund University, pp. 1-3. Diakses melalui https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/search/publication/1666736

Afisi, Oseni. (2011). “Globalization and Value System.” LUMINA, Vol. 22, No.2. Diakses melalui https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279445790_GLOBALIZATION_AND_VALUE_SYSTEM

Aidoo, R (2013). “China and Angola: The True Dynamic Duo in Sino-Africa Relations”. Foreign Policy Journal. Diakses melalui https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2013/06/20/china-and- angola-the-true-dynamic-duo-in-sino-africa-relations/

Alves, Ana Cristina. (2010). “The Oil Factor in Sino-Angolan Relations at the Start of the 21st Century.” The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) Occasional Paper, No. 55. Diakses melalui https://saiia.org.za/research/the-oil-factor-in-sino-angolan-relations-at-the-start-of-the-21st-century/

Attah, Noah Echa. (2013) “The Historical Conjuncture of Neo-colonialism and Underdevelopment in Nigeria”. Journal of African Studies and Development, 5(5), pp. 70-79. Diakses melalui https://academicjournals.org/journal/JASD/article-abstract/B0B663810820

Baah, A & Jauch, H. (2009). “Chinese Investments in Africa: A Labor Perspective”. African Labor Research Network. Diakses melalui https://www.fnv.nl/site/over-de-fnv/internationaal/mondiaal- fnv/documenten/english/publications/Chinese_investments_in_Africa_final_report1.pdf

Bergeijk, Peter A.G. & Moons, Selwyn. (2009). “Economic Diplomacy and Economic Security.” New Frontiers for Economic Diplomacy, pp. 37-54. Diakses melalui https://ssrn.com/abstract=1436584

Brautigam, Deborah. (2020). “China, the World Bank, and African Debt: A War of Words”. The Diplomat. Diakses pada 8 Desember 2020 melalui https://thediplomat.com/2020/08/china-the-world-bank-and-african-debt-a-war-of-words/

Burgos, S & Ear, S. (2012). “China's Oil Hunger in Angola: history and perspective”. Journal of Contemporary China.

Campos, I & Vines, A. (2008). “Angola and China - A Pragmatic Partnership”. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Diakses melalui https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs- public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/080306_angolachina.pdf

Corkin, Lucy & Burke, Christopher. (2006). “China's Interest and Activity in Africa's Construction and Infrastructure Sectors.” Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University. Diakses melalui http://www.dfid.gov.uk/countries/asia/China/partners.asp

Corkin, L. (2012). “Chinese construction companies in Angola: A local linkages perspective”. Resources Policy Volume 37, Issue 4, pp. 475-483. Diakses melalui https://www-sciencedirect- com.ezproxy.its.uu.se/science/article/pii/S0301420712000384

Fandrych, Sabine. (2007). “China in Angola: Sustainable Reconstruction, Calculated Election Campaign Support or Global Interest Politics?” International Politics and Society. Diakses melalui http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/04136.pdf

Gu, Jng, et al. (2016). “Chinese State Capitalism? Rethinking the Role of the State and Business in Chinese Development Cooperation in Africa.” World Development, vol. 81, pp. 24-34. Diakses melalui https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X15301625#!

Hare, Paul. (2007) “China in Angola – An emerging Energy Partnership” Jamestown Foundation China Brief, Volume 6, Number 22.

Haroz, David. (2011). “China in Africa: Symbiosis or Exploitation?” The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 35(2), pp. 65-88. Diakses melalui http://www.fletcherforum.org/home/2016/8/12/china-in-africa-symbiosis-or-exploitation

Holslag, Jonathan. (2010). “China’s Road to Influence”, Asian Survey, California: University of California Press, 50(4), pp. 641-662. Diakses melalui http://www.jonathanholslag.be/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Roads-to-influence.pdf

Jati, W.R. (2013). “Ketimpangan Utara-Selatan dalam Globalisasi.” E-journal UMM.

Jiankun, He & Xiliang, Zhang. (2005). “Analysis of Declining Tendency in China’s Energy Consumption Intensity During the Period of 11th Five-year Plan”. China Soft Science 4, pp. 33-38.

Kuchins, Andrew. (2009). “Chinese Soft Power and Its Implications for the United States: Competition and Cooperation in the Developing World.” The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Diakses melalui https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinese-soft-power-and-its-implications-united-states

Maduagwu O. Michael. (1999). ”Globalization and its challenges to National Cultures and Values: A Perspective from Sub-saharan Africa”. University of Munish.

Mazrui Ali. A. (2002). “Nkrumanizm and the Triple Heritage in the Shadow of Globalisation”. University of Ghana.

McGiffert, Carola. (2009). “Chinese Soft power and its Implications for the United States.” A Report of the CSIS Smart Power Initiative. Diakses melalui https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/090403_mcgiffert_chinesesoftpower_web.pdf

Mlambo, Victor. (2018). “Exploitation dressed in a suit, shining shoes, and carrying a suitcase full of dollars: What does China want in Africa?” Journal of Public Affairs, 19(1). Diakses pada 25 Februari 2020 melalui https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pa.1892

Morison, Wayne M. (2008). “China’s Economic Condition.” CRS Report for Congress. Diakses melalui http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33534.pdf.

Okano-Heijmans, Maaike. (2011). “Conceptualizing Economic Diplomacy: The Crossroads of International Relations, Economics, IPE and Diplomatic Studies.” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, pp. 7-36. Diakses melalui https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233659639_Conceptualizing_Economic_DiplomacyThe_Crossroads_of_International_Relations_Economics_IPE_and_Diplomatic_Studies

Oktapiani, Nina. 2015. “Pengaruh Ekspor Minyak Angola ke Industri Cina Pasca Masuknya Angola ke OPEC Tahun 2007.” Jom FISIP Volume 2 No. 1. Diakses pada 24 Januari 2020 melalui https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/31938-ID-pengaruh-ekspor-minyak-angola-ke-industri-cina-pasca-masuknya-angola-ke-opec-tah.pdf

Rashid, H.U. (2005). “Economic Diplomacy in South Asia.” Address to the Indian Economy & Business Update. Diakses melalui https://crawford.anu.edu.au/acde/asarc/pdf/papers/conference/CONF2005_04.pdf

Rotberg, R. (2015). “China‟s economic slowdown threatens African progress”. The Conversation. Diakses pada 9 Desember 2020 melalui https://theconversation.com/chinas-economic-slowdown- threatens-african-progress-49544

Sandrey, R & Edinger, H. (2010). “The Impact of China-Africa Trade Relations: The Case of Angola”. Policy Brief Issue.

Thompson, R. (2012). “Assessing the Chinese Influence in Ghana, Angola, and Zimbabwe: The Impact of Politics, Partners, and Petro”. Center for International Security and Cooperation. Diakses melalui https://fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/CISAC_Thesis_Thompson.pdf

Tukumbi, L-K. (2011). “China-Africa Relations: A Neo-Imperialism or a Neo-Colonialism? A Reflection”. Brill Journals, African and Asian studies, vol 10, pp. 234-266.

Vasquez, Patricia I. (2019). “China’s Oil and Gas Footprint in Latin America and Africa.” International Development Policy. Diakses melalui https://journals.openedition.org/poldev/3174

Zaroni, Akhmad. (2015). “Globalisasi Ekonomi dan Implikasinya Bagi Negara-Negara Berkembang.” Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam, AL-TIJARY, Vol. 01, No. 01. Diakses melalui https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/141387-ID-globalisasi-ekonomi-dan-implikasinya-bag.pdf

Zhao, Suisheng. (2014). “A Neo-Colonialist Predator or Development Partner? China's engagement and rebalance in Africa.” Journal of Contemporary China, 23(90), pp. 1033-1052. Diakses melalui https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10670564.2014.898893

• Internet

Afisi, O. (2017). “The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Neocolonialism” Naturalistic Epistemology. Diakses pada 9 Desember 2020 melalui http://www.iep.utm.edu/neocolon/#H3

Agence Ecofin. (2015). “Angola makes Chinese Yuan its second legal tender”. Diakses pada 9 Desember 2020 melalui https://www.agenceecofin.com/finance-uk/0908-31268-angola-makes-chinese-yuan-its- second-legal-tender

Agência para o Investimento e Comércio Externo de Portugal (AICEP). (2007). “Angola em Movimento,” No 35.

AidData. (2015). “Chinese aid to Africa looks a lot like Western aid to Africa, new research finds”. Diakses pada 9 Desember 2020 melalui http://aiddata.org/blog/chinese-aid-to-africa-looks-a-lot-like- western-aid-to-africa-new-research-finds

Amelie, Siska. (2014). “Harga Minyak Anjlok, Negara Ini Dihantui Kebangkrutan.” Diakses pada 19 Desember 2020 melalui https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/2144150/harga-minyak-anjlok-negara-ini-dihantui-kebangkrutan

Amusa, K. (2016). “How and why China became Africa‟s biggest aid donor”. The Conversation. Diakses pada 9 Desember 2020 melalui https://theconversation.com/how-and-why-china-became-africas- biggest-aid-donor-57992

Banco Nacional de Angola. (2007). Diakses pada 9 Desember 2020 melalui https://www.bna.ao/default.aspx?idl=2

Bunker Port News. (2015). “EIA: Angola Oil Market Overview.” Diakses pada 24 Januari 2020 melalui http://www.bunkerportsnews.com/News.aspx?ElementId=3ed14b62-abff-4952-ae98-1ebc80318b50

Chandramohan, Balaji. (2010). “Why China Wins Africa Game”. The Diplomat. Diakses pada 23 Januari 2020 melalui http://thediplomat.com/2010/07/17/why-china-wins-africa-game/

Corkin, Lucy. (2011). “Cina and Angola Strategic partnership or marriage of convenience?”. Diakses pada 27 November 2020 melalui https://www.cmi.no/publications/3938-china-and-angola-strategic-partnership-or-marriage

Dudovskiy, J. (2016). “Case Studies. Research Methodology.” Diakses pada 9 Desember 2002 melalui https://research- methodology.net/research-methods/qualitative-research/case-studies/

Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2014). Diakses pada 23 Januari 2020 melalui http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/world.cfm

Falola, Toyin & Heaton, Matthew. (n.d). “Neocolonialism - Bibliography - African, Countries, Independence, and Africa”. Diakses pada 3 Februari 2020 melalui https://science.jrank.org/pages/7920/Neocolonialism.html

Focus Economics. (2017). “Trade Balance in Angola”. Diakses pada 9 Desember 2020 https://www.focus- economics.com/country-indicator/angola/trade-balance

Forum China Plp. (2015). “Angola‟s currency to be accepted in China”. Permanent Secretariat of the Forum for Economic and Trade Co-operation between China and Portuguese-speaking Countries. Diakses pada 9 Desember 2020 melalui http://www.forumchinaplp.org.mo/angolas-currency-to- be-accepted-in-china/

George, Libby. (2016). “Growing Chinese debt leaves Angola with little spare oil.” Reuters. Diakses pada 9 Desember 2020 melalui https://www.reuters.com/article/angola-oil-finance-idUSL5N16H3EV

Haag, D. (2011). “Mechanisms of Neo-colonialism: Current French and British influence in Cameroon and Ghana” Institut Català Internacional per la Pau. Diakses melalui http://icip.gencat.cat/web/.content/continguts/publicacions/workingpapers/2011/arxius/wp_ 2011-6_ing.pdf

Halperin, Sandra. (2007). “Neocolonialism.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. Diakses pada 9 Desember 2020 melalui https://www.britannica.com/topic/neocolonialism

Investopedia. (2017). “Dutch Disease”. Diakses pada 9 Desember 2020 melalui https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dutchdisease.asp

Kelly, R. (2017). “How China‟s Soft Power Is Building a Neo-Colonial System in Africa” Ketagalan Media. Diakses pada 9 Desember 2020 melalui http://www.ketagalanmedia.com/2017/10/09/how-chinas-soft- power-is-building-a-neo-colonial-system-in-africa/

Katadata. (2014). “Angola, Eksportir Minyak dari Afrika.” Diakses pada 24 Januari 2020 melalui https://katadata.co.id/berita/2014/11/03/angola-eksportir-minyak-dari-afrika

Macau. (2015). “China‟s aid is increasingly important for Angola”. Diakses pada 9 Desember 2020 melalui https://macauhub.com.mo/feature/chinas-aid-is-increasingly-important-for-angola/

Muzima, J. (2017). “Angola African Economic Outlook, UNDP, OECD.”

Nkrumah, Kwame. (1965). “Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of imperialism”. Marxist.org. Diakses pada 3 Februari 2020 melalui https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/neo-colonialism/introduction.htm

OPEC. (2020). Angola Facts And Figures. Diakses pada 7 Desember 2020 melalui https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/147.htm

Portugal News. (2007). “Angola exporta 29.9 bilioes de dolares em petroleo.” Diakses pada 8 Desember 2020 melalui https://www.theportugalnews.com/#prop-banner

Power, M & Alves, C (2012). “China and Angola: a marriage of convenience?” Pambazuka Press

Qorib, Muhammad Yassir. (2017). “Bantuan Luar Negeri China kepada Angola.” Repository UMY. Diakses pada 24 Januari 2020 melalui http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/12769

Sagoe, C (2012). “The Neo-Colonialism of Development Programs”. E-international students. Diakses melalui http://www .e-ir.info/2012/08/12/the-neo-colonialism-of-development-programs/

Statista. (2019). Diakses pada 23 Januari 2020 melalui https://www.statista.com/statistics/263455/primary-energy-consumption-of-selected-countries/

The Global Economy. (2021). “Angola: Oil Production.” Diakses pada 5 Januari 2021 melalui https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Angola/oil_production/

The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC). (2016). “Angola”. Atlas Media. Diakses pada 9 Desember 2020 melalui https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/ago/

The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC). (2018). “Angola Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners.” Diakses pada 30 November 2020 melalui https://oec.world/en/profile/country/ago#trade-products

Tiezzi, Shannon. (2015). “Maduro: China Gives $5 Billion Loan to Venezuela.” Diakses pada 19 Desember 2020 melalui https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/maduro-china-gives-5-billion-loan-to-venezuela/

Transparency International. (2016). “Angola”. Diakses pada 9 Desember 2020 melalui https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/angola#

Troush, Sergei. (1999). “China’s Changing Oil Strategy and its Foreign Policy Implications.” Diakses pada 19 Desember 2020 melalui https://www.brookings.edu/articles/chinas-changing-oil-strategy-and-its-foreign-policy-implications/

Vines, Alex. (1999). “Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process.” Human Rights Watch.

Worldfolio (2014). “China in Angola: win-win partnership or marriage of convenience?” Diakses pada 9 Desember 2020 melalui http://www .theworldfolio.com/news/China-in-Angola:-win-win-partnership-or-marriage-of- convenience/3457/

Xinhua. (2006). “Africa accounts for 30 percent of China’s oil imports: official.” China Daily. Diakses pada 5 Desember 2020 melalui http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-10/18/content_711387.htm

Zhao, Shelly. (2011). “The China-Angola Partnership: A Case Study of China’s Oil Relations in Africa.” China Briefing. Diakses pada 9 Desember 2020 melalui https://www.china-briefing.com/news/the-china-angola-partnership-a-case-study-of-chinas-oil-relationships-with-african-nations/

Published

2023-05-29