HIBISC RICE: Beras Analog Berbahan Umbi Garut (Maranta Arundinacea L.) dan Bunga Sepatu (Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis L.) Sebagai Inovasi Makanan Pokok Fungsional
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55314/tsg.v4i5.600Keywords:
Beras analog, Umbi garut, Bunga sepatu, Indeks glikemik, Diabetes melitusAbstract
Tingginya konsumsi beras sebagai bahan makanan pokok sumber karbohidrat memicu terjadinya peningkatan konsumsi dan ketergantungan terhadap beras, sehingga diperlukan upaya diversifikasi pangan. Beras analog merupakan beras tiruan (artificial rice) yang bentuk maupun komposisi gizinya mirip seperti beras padi yang dibuat dengan menambahkan bahan baku dan tambahan dengan formulasi yang tepat untuk mencukupi kebutuhan gizi dan menekan dampak negatif penggunaan beras padi yang tinggi indeks glikemik (IG) sebagai pemicu diabetes melitus (DM). Garut (Maranta arundinacea L.) merupakan tanaman pangan lokal, sumber karbohidrat, kaya serat, dan rendah IG. Penambahan bahan lain yang mendukung sifat fungsional dapat berasal dari bunga sepatu (Hibiscus rosa sinensis L.), yang terbukti tidak bersifat toksik, meningkatkan aktivitas makrofag penderita DM, dan menurunkan kadar glukosa darah, sehingga kondisi hiperglikemia dapat ditekan.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi, mengevaluasi, dan menganalisis stabilitas, efektivitas, dan toksisitas formulasi beras analog berbahan umbi garut dan bunga sepatu. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara in vivo pada sampel uji darah manusia (relawan) untuk menentukan IG pada perlakuan konsumsi glukosa murni (standar), nasi padi, dan formula nasi analog. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji identifikasi, evaluasi, dan analisis stabilitas, efektivitas, serta toksisitas formulasi beras analog. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa F5 (dengan formula umbi garut 57.8%, bunga sepatu 5.1%, mocaf 12.6%, GMS 0.6%, dan air 23.9%) memiliki komposisi dan tekstur beras analog terbaik, serta efektif menurunkan kadar glukosa darah (mg/dL), menekan efek hiperglikemi, tidak bersifat toksik, serta mempertahankan berat badan dan meringankan derajat kerusakan pankreas, hepar, dan ginjal penderita DM. Hal itu terjadi karena adanya mekanisme penghambatan enzim α-amilase oleh α-amilase inhibitor.
References
Chew BH, Vos RC, Metzendorf M-I, Scholten RJ, Rutten GE. Psychological interventions for diabetes-related distress in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2019 Oct 22];9(9):CD011469-CD011469. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6483710/
Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, Malanda B, Karuranga S, Unwin N, et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9thedition. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Feb 11]; 157:107843. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168822719312306
Toniolo A, Cassani G, Puggioni A, et al. The diabetes pandemic and associated infections: suggestions for clinical microbiology. Rev Med Microbiol [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2019 Oct 24];30(1):1-17. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6319590/
Wang Y-W, He S-J, Feng X, Cheng J, Luo Y-T, Tian L, et al. Metformin: a review of its potential indications. Drug Des Devel Ther [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Feb 11]; 11:2421-9. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2451847620300063
Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N
Engl J Med [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2020 Feb 24];346(6):393-403. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1370926/
Jablonski KA, McAteer JB, de Bakker PIW, Franks PW, Pollin TI, Hanson RL, et al. Common variants in 40 genes assessed for diabetes incidence and response to metformin and lifestyle intervention in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 Feb 24];59(10):2672-81. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279522/
McMacken M, Shah S. A plant-based diet for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Geriatr Cardiol [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2019 Oct 24];14(5):342-354. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5466941/
Hassan FI, Niaz K, Khan F, Maqbool F, Abdollahi M. The relation between rice consumption, arsenic contamination, and prevalence of diabetes in South Asia. EXCLI J [Intenet]. 2017 [cited 2019 Oct 24]; 16:1132-1143. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5735331/
Guzman MKd, Parween S, Butardo VM, et al. Investigating glycemic potential of rice by unraveling compositional variations in mature grain and starch mobilization patterns during seed germination. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2019 Oct 25];7(1):5854-5854. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5517638/
Osman NMH, Yusof B-N, Ismail A. Estimating Glycemic Index of Rice-Based Mixed Meals by Using Predicted and Adjusted Formulae. Elsevier [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Feb 24];24(5):274-82. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1672630817300513
Budijanto S. Karakteristik Fisik, Kimia, dan Sensori Beras Analog Berbasis Bahan Pangan Non Beras. Jurnal Pangan [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2019 Oct 25];26(1):12. Available from: https://jurnalpangan.com/index.php/pangan/article/view/347
Amalia, Balittro. Umbi Garut sebagai Alternatif Pengganti Terigu untuk Individual
Autistik. Warta Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Industri [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2020 Sep 25]; 20(2):30-1. Available from: http://perkebunan.litbang.pertanian.go.id/umbi-garut-sebagai-alternatif-pengganti-terigu-untuk-individual-autistik/
Afiune LAF, Leal-Silva T, Sinzato YK, et al. Beneficial effects of Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. flower aqueous extract in pregnant rats with diabetes. PLoS One [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2019 Oct 24];12(6):e0179785-e0179785. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5482446/
Rachmadani AD, Estiasih T. Beras Analog Berbasis Umbi Garut (Maranta arundinaceae L.) dan Alginat sebagai Pangan Berkhasiat Obat (Medicinal Foods) yang Diujikan pada Tikus Hiperglikemik [Thesis]. Malang (Indonesia): Universitas Brawijaya; 2008 [cited 2020 Feb 14]. Available from: http://repository.ub.ac.id/149225/
Candra IPR. Pengaruh Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Daun Kembang Sepatu (Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn.) terhadap Waktu Penyembuhan Luka pada Tikus Putih Galur Wistar dengan Diabetes Mellitus [Thesis]. Bali (Indonesia):Universitas Udayana; 2015 [cited 2020 Feb 14]. Available from: https://www.unud.ac.id/en/tugas-akhir1102106001.html
Pakaya D, Dewi M, Antari AL, Saraswati I. Ekstrak Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. Memperbaiki Kadar Glukosa Darah Puasa dan Jumlah Sel Mast pada Model Tikus Diabetes Terinfeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Jurnal Farmasi Galenika [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Mar 03];6(1):14-9. Available from: https://bestjournal.untad.ac.id/index.php/Galenika/article/view/13930
De Paoli M, Werstuck GH. The role of estrogen in diabetes mellitus: a review of clinical and pre-clinical data. Canadian Journal of Diabetes [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Feb 25];4(5):448-52. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1499267120300034
Venkatakrishnan K, Chiu H-F, Wang C-K. Popular functional foods and herbs for the management of type-2-diabetes mellitus: A comprehensive review with special reference to clinical trials and its proposed mechanism. Journal of Functional Foods [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Feb 26]; 57:425-38. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S175646461930218X
McGuire DK, Marx N. Definition and Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes in Cardiovascular Disease: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2015. p. 1-9 [cited 2020 Feb 26]. Available from: Clinical Key.
Dhananjayan I, Kathiroli S, Subramani S, Veerasamy V. Ameliorating effect of betanin, a natural chromoalkaloid by modulating hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities and glycogen content in streptozotocin – nicotinamide induced experimental rats. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Apr 20]; 88:1069-79. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332216322661
Rashid U, Khan MR, Sajid M. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic effects of Fagonia olivieri DC on STZ-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats - In vivo and in vitro study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Apr 29]; 242:112038. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874119308979
Chao P-C, Li Y, Chang C-H, Shieh JP, Cheng J-T, Cheng K-C. Investigation of insulin resistance in the popularly used four rat models of type-2 diabetes. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Apr 29]; 101:155-61. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332217363801
McGuire DK, Marx N. Insulin Resistance: Pathophysiology, Molecular Mechanisms, Genetic Insights. In: Häring H-U, Gallwitz B, editors. Diabetes in Cardiovascular Disease: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2015. p. 10-23 [cited 2020 Feb 26]. Available from: Clinical Key.
Pamungkas RA, Chamroonsawasdi K. Self-management based coaching program to improve diabetes mellitus self-management practice and metabolic markers among uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indonesia: A quasi-experimental study. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Feb 26];14(1):53-61. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871402119305831
Arun G, Rajaram R, Kaleshkumar K, Gayathri N, Sivasudha T, Kandasamy S. Synergistic effect of novel chitosan combined metformin drug on streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus rat. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 22]; 153:1335-49. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141813019378456
Eyileten C, Mirowska-Guzel D, Milanowski L, Zaremba M, Rosiak M, Cudna A, et al. Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor is Related to Platelet Reactivity and Metformin Treatment in Adult Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Canadian Journal of Diabetes [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Feb 26];43(1):19-26. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1499267117307347
Brenner GM, Stevens CW. Drugs for Diabetes. Brenner and Stevens’ Pharmacology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018. p. 399-411 [cited 2020 Feb 26]. Available from: Clinical Key
Zhang DA, Katznelson L, Li M. Postprandial glucose monitoring further improved glycemia, lipids, and weight in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had already reached hemoglobin A1c goal. J Diabetes Sci Technol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2019 Oct 25];6(2):289-293. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3380769/
Burch E, Ball L, Somerville M, Williams LT. Dietary intake by food group of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Sep 25]; 137:160-72. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168822717317588
Septianingrum E, Liyanan, Kusbiantoro B. Review Indeks Glikemik Beras: Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi dan Keterkaitannya terhadap Kesehatan Tubuh. Jurnal Kesehatan [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2020 Apr 03];1(1):1-9. Available from: http://journals.ums.ac.id/index.php/JK/article/view/3434
Maulani RR, Hidayat T, editors. Pengembangan Pati Garut (Maranta arundinacea L.) sebagai Pati Resisten Tipe IV. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Hasil-Hasil PPM IPB 2016; 2016 [cited 2020 Apr 03]: IPB. Available from: https://lppm.ipb.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/B604.pdf
Darmanto, Riyadi PH, Susanti S. Beras Analog Super. Semarang: Undip Press; 2017. p. 15-29.
Antari AL, Pakaya D, Saraswati I, Annisaa' E, Utomo AW. The Effect of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Extract on Improvement of Macrophage Phagocytosis Activity. International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Research [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Mar 05];02(02):08-13. Available from: https://ijmsdr.org/pages/Volume%201%20issue4.html
Chae H-S, You BH, Choi J, Chin Y-W, Kim H, Choi HS, et al. Ginseng berry extract enhances metformin efficacy against obesity and hepatic steatosis in mice fed high-fat diet through increase of metformin uptake in liver. Journal of Functional Foods [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Apr 22]; 62:103551. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S175646461930475X
Tibaldi J. Achieving Glycemic Goals with Addition of Incretin-based Therapies to Insulin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2020 Nov 07];347(6):491-501. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002962915303190
McAdam-Marx C, Mukherjee J, Bellows BK, Unni S, Ye X, Iloeje U, et al. Evaluation of the relationship between weight change and glycemic control after initiation of antidiabetic therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes using electronic medical record data. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2020 Nov 07];103(3):402-11. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168822713004725
Mamun A, Islam S, Alam AK, Rahman MA, Rashid M. Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis Leaves on Alloxan-Induced Diabetes with Dyslipidemia in Rats. BPJ [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2020 Oct 26];16(1):27-1. Available from: https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/BPJ/article/view/14487
Yeboah P, Hsu F-C, Bertoni AG, Yeboah J. Body Mass Index, Change in Weight, Body Weight Variability and Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (from the ACCORD Trial). The American Journal of Cardiology [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Oct 26];123(4):576-81. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002914918320976
Ratnaningsih N, Nugraheni M, Handayani THW, Chayati I. Teknologi Pengolahan Pati Garut dan Diversivikasi Produk Olahannya dalam Rangka Peningkatan Ketahanan Pangan. Inoteks [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 Oct 26];14(2):192-207. Available from: https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/inotek/article/view/2296
Novitasari D., Sunarti, Farmawati A. Emping Garut (Maranta arundinacea Linn) sebagai Makanan Ringan dan Kadar Glukosa Darah, Angiotensin II Plasma serta Tekanan Darah pada Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 (DMT2). Media Medika Indonesiana [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Oct 26];45(1):53-8. Available from: https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/mmi/article/view/3248
Nakamaru Y, Hayashi Y, Davies M, Jürgen Heuer H, Hisanaga N, Akimoto K. Investigation of Potential Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Teneligliptin and Metformin in Steady-state Conditions in Healthy Adults. Clinical Therapeutics [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2020 Nov 27];37(9):2007-18. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149291815009212
Wen J, Zeng M, Liu Z, Zhou H, Xu H, Huang M, et al. The influence of telmisartan on metformin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Oct 28];139(1):37-41. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1347861318302081
Syamsul ES, Nugroho AE, Pramono S. The antidiabetics of combination metformin and purified extract of Andrographis paniculata (Burn). F. NESS in high fructose-fat fed rats. Majalah Obat Tradisional [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2020 Oct 26];16(3):9. Available from: https://journal.ugm.ac.id/TradMedJ/article/view/8049
Yuniastuti A, Susanti R, Iswari RS. Efek Infusa Umbi Garut (Marantha arundinaceae L) terhadap Kadar Glukosa dan Insulin Plasma Tikus yang Diinduksi Streptozotocyn. Jurnal MIPA [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Oct 26];41(1):34-9. Available from: https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/JM/article/view/15874
Ghosh S, More P, Derle A, Patil AB, Markad P, Asok A, et al. Diosgenin from Dioscorea bulbifera: Novel Hit for Treatment of Type II Diabetes Mellitus with Inhibitory Activity against α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase. PLoS One [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2020 Oct 26]; 9(9):e106039. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0106039
Published
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 TheJournalish: Social and Government
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Thejournalish: Social and Government This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
